Support for More Complex Lint Configuration

We need a better way to configure which linters are on or off. Specifically, our linter (rule) configuration system should:

- Be hierarchical. It should be broken down into categories, which can be enabled or disabled in chunks.
- Allow swapping between one of many options. For instance, the Oxford comma setting should have three options: "Use Oxford Comma", "Do Not Use Oxford Comma", and "off".

Is there anything here I am forgetting?

Naturally, this will be a breaking change, which means a major version bump.

The issue does not name files, tests, or entry points. Start by locating the linter and rule-configuration system, then document the existing configuration model and assess how hierarchical categories, multi-option rules, and the proposed breaking change should be represented; done means the design covers these requirements and any missing cases.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.