《黑天鹅》答疑(1)

### 第一句

前言第一段：“One single observation can invalidate a general statement derived from millennia of confirmatory sightings of millions of white swans.”

**结合这一段话的上文来看**，这句话理解为：

> One single observation【主语】 (**省略“of a black swan”信息**) can invalidate【谓语】 a general statement 【宾语】(**即: all swans were white**) derived from millennia of confirmatory sightings of millions of white swans（黄色信息是statement的后置定语）.

> 仅观察到黑天鹅的这个事实 能使得 人们几千年来确切地看到无数只白天鹅后得出的 一个普遍观点（即天鹅都是白色的） 变得无效或没有价值。

### 第二句

前言A NEW KIND OF INGRATITUDE最后一段： “We glorify those who left their names in history books at the expense of those contributors about whom our books are silent.”

**结合上句，理解为：**

> We glorify those who left their names in history books at the expense of (**省略not rewarding**) those contributors about whom our (**省略history**) books are silent.

> 我们过度歌颂名留史书的那些人，这样做的代价是忽视史书上没有记载的那些真正贡献者。

### 第三句

前言TOO DULL TO WRITE ABOUT中第三段： “Talk is cheap. Someone who took too many philosophy classes in college (or perhaps not enough) might object that the sighting of a Black Swan does not invalidate the theory that all swans are white since such a black bird is not technically a swan since whiteness to him may be the essential property of a swan.”

**结合上下文信息，这句话理解为：**

> 讨论是效果不大的。一个在大学中上了很多哲学课的人（或上了不足够多的哲学课）可能提出反对意见，认为看到一只黑天鹅的事实不足以说明“所有天鹅都是白的”的理论不对，因为在他看来，这样一只黑鸟（黑天鹅）严格意义上说不是一只天鹅，白色可能才是成为天鹅的必备特征。

**语法结构：主句（主+谓+宾）+从句**

> Someone【主语】 who took too many philosophy classes in college (or perhaps not enough)(someone的定语从句) might object【谓语】 that the sighting of a Black Swan does not invalidate the theory that all swans are white since such a black bird is not technically a swan【宾语为从句】 since（连词，表示“因为”） whiteness to him may be the essential property of a swan(原因状语从句).”

其中，**宾语从句的结构**是：

> the sighting of a Black Swan【主语】 does not invalidate【谓语】 the theory【宾语】 ***that all swans are white***【名词性从句，解释theory的具体意思】.