[BUILD] Cache build artifacts in CI runs

Right now the easiest way to get up and running with this project is to build it yourself, however this is sometimes complex (in my case: I keep my machine free of vcpkg so that we don't accidentally sneak in vcpkg based dependencies into our internally developed software).

It would be quite nice to have the CI build artifacts to fall back to so we can just download the built resources directly.

Start by inspecting the repository's CI workflow configuration and existing build jobs to see what artifacts they produce. Determine which built resources should be retained and exposed for download, then verify that a CI run makes those artifacts available without requiring a local vcpkg installation.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.